11 leftovers that can make you sick

“Eggs almost always contain salmonella,” says food scientist, Dr Kantha Shelke. Some methods used to cook eggs require gentle heat for a short duration of time, which may not kill the bacteria. (Any method that results in a runny yolk.) Leaving them at room temperature for any length of time is a recipe for those bacteria to multiply to harmful levels. Plus, eggs always taste better fresh and don’t take too long to scramble, so they’re probably not a food you want to save for later.

Check out these mistakes you might be making with eggs.

Research, including a study published in 2012 in Sports Medicine, shows that the nitric oxide in beetroot can give your workout a boost and may help blood pressure. But those same compounds react with heat badly. When nitrate-rich foods are cooked, “not cooled properly, and further reheated, the nitrates can get converted to nitrites, and then to nitrosamines, some of which are known to be carcinogenic,” Shelke says. So regularly eating reheated beets or beet products may not be a good idea. The same may be true of turnips, another nitrate-rich root veggie.

Spuds seem so sturdy, but even though they’re cooked hotter and longer than eggs, they can pose a risk when left to cool and stored at room temperature too long. Doing so can potentially foster the growth of Clostridium botulinum, the bacteria that causes botulism, says Shelke. Large, foil-wrapped baked potatoes are particularly at risk, she says, because they offer bacteria the ideal low-oxygen environment to thrive in. That’s not all: potatoes are also among the foods that you shouldn’t reheat in a microwave. Zapping them (sans foil of course) for 30 to 60 seconds doesn’t kill the stuff that wreaks havoc on your GI system. Cooking a raw potato in the microwave, however, requires only a few minutes more. Go that route, instead.

This is how you know these foods expired.

Like beetroot, spinach is another nitrate-rich food that’s often served cooked. To avoid converting nitrates in these leafy greens into potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines, you may want to serve your spinach raw (the ultimate time-saver) or lightly sautéed. It’s also important to note that nitrites, another by-product of heating nitrate-rich foods, are not safe for infants less than six months old, suggests research, including a study published in 2015 in the journal Paediatric Research. Spinach is often mixed with other foods in baby purees, so make sure you aren’t heating them.

This all-natural substance is one of the healthiest things you can feed your infant – but research, including a study published in 2015 in PLoS One, shows that warming up breast milk is a big no-no. “Babies contaminate the bottle when they suck and the milk can be a breeding ground for the bacteria in the saliva,” Shelke says. “Neither microwaving nor warming can kill these bacteria which can cause distress to more than just the digestive system of the infant.”

In the 1970s, a number of food poisoning outbreaks associated with leftover led to increased awareness that rice harbours a microorganism called Bacillus cereus that multiplies at room temperature. That doesn’t mean you have to chuck all your uneaten takeout – just make sure you’re stashing it in the fridge quickly. In general, food safety guidelines recommend keeping foods hot (over 60°C) or cold ( 5°C or under) if you’re not eating it within two hours.

Here are some things you need to know about food poisoning.

Like eggs, raw chicken tends to contain salmonella, and time plus low temps is a recipe for disaster as those bacteria multiply. The best way to avoid this: make sure the internal temperature of your bird reaches 74 degrees. Microwaves don’t always heat evenly or as well as other cooking methods, so be sure to turn the meat. And don’t reheat it more than once – there’s always chicken salad!

Flaxseed oil, olive oil, canola oil, and other seed oils are rich in omega-3 fats and other unsaturated fats, which have a number of health benefits. Alas, they are also very sensitive to temperature. “Heating and reheating foods containing these oils can render them unstable and rancid and therefore, not safe,” Shelke says.

Another reason to avoid reheating oily foods, like French fries? Reheating in, say, the microwave may cause the oil to smoke past its safe level. When that happens it can produce hazardous fumes that are harmful to your health, suggests research, including a study published in 2012 in Food Chemistry. If you’re going to reheat it, do so in the oven at a low temperature – or not at all.

Don’t miss these fat-burning foods to help you lose weight.

There’s a reason buffets don’t let you take food to go, and it’s not just because restaurants don’t want to lose money. Buffet trays aren’t kept hot enough to kill microbes, which can grow to unhealthy amounts while they sit out, unrefrigerated, says Shelke. This goes for those all-you-can-eat buffets at restaurants, as well as at-home party buffets.

Don’t miss these things you should never touch at all-you-can-eat buffets.